ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) was a radical, confrontational AIDS activist movement founded in New York City in March 1987. It became one of the most effective direct-action groups in modern American history, using theatrical, media-savvy civil disobedience to force the government, pharmaceutical companies, and medical establishment to treat the AIDS crisis with urgency.
Founding and Context
By early 1987, AIDS had already killed tens of thousands of people in the U.S., overwhelmingly gay men, with little federal response. President Reagan had barely mentioned the epidemic publicly. The only approved treatment, AZT (approved March 1987), was extremely expensive and toxic at the high doses then used.
Playwright and activist
Larry Kramer delivered a fiery speech on March 10, 1987, at the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center in Manhattan, warning that many in the room would be dead within five years and calling for a new organization focused solely on political action. Two days later, roughly 300 people founded ACT UP. Its core principles: non-violent direct action, “Silence = Death,” and the demand that people with AIDS have a voice in the research and treatment process that would save (or fail to save) their lives.
Chapters quickly spread across the U.S. and internationally. At its peak, ACT UP had dozens of chapters and claimed influence far beyond its numbers through dramatic, highly visual protests designed to dominate the evening news.
Major Early Protests and Tactics
ACT UP specialized in “zaps” (targeted disruptions), die-ins (activists lying in streets or buildings as if dead), kiss-ins, smoke bombs, fake blood, giant banners, and civil disobedience that invited mass arrests.
Key actions:
- March 24, 1987 – Wall Street (first action): About 250 protesters blocked traffic at Wall Street and Broadway, targeting pharmaceutical profiteering (especially Burroughs Wellcome’s pricing of AZT) and slow FDA drug approval. Seventeen were arrested. Within weeks the FDA announced it would shorten the drug approval process.
- October 11, 1988 – “Seize Control of the FDA” (Rockville, Maryland): ACT UP’s first major national action. Roughly 1,000–1,500 activists from across the country surrounded FDA headquarters, blocked entrances, staged die-ins, and unfurled a giant “Silence = Death” banner. Peter Staley famously climbed the building. About 175 were arrested. This is widely regarded as the moment ACT UP forced the federal government to take the movement seriously and accelerate experimental drug access.
- September 14, 1989 – New York Stock Exchange: Activists infiltrated the trading floor, stopped trading with foghorns, and showered the floor with fake money to protest AZT’s price. Burroughs Wellcome soon cut the price by 20%.
- December 10, 1989 – “Stop the Church” (St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New York): Thousands protested outside while dozens staged a die-in inside during Mass, disrupting Cardinal John O’Connor’s service over the Catholic Church’s opposition to condoms and safe-sex education. Highly controversial even within activist circles.
- May 21, 1990 – “Storm the NIH” (Bethesda, Maryland): Around 1,000 activists marched on the National Institutes of Health campus, targeting the pace of AIDS research and specifically Anthony Fauci’s NIAID. They used colored smoke, mock coffins, and chants (“NIH, you can’t hide, we charge you with genocide”). Signs included “Fuck You, Fauci” and “Red Tape Kills Us.” Dozens were arrested. This action, coming after years of both confrontation and behind-the-scenes pressure, helped open the door to greater activist involvement in clinical trial design.