They said wearing masks is stupid

That label is on the box for legal and design reasons, not because masks are useless.

As far as "smaller than mask pores:

1. It's never one virus floating through the air. They travel is clumps around water/mucous droplets that are far larger.

2. In the event that there are individual virus particles floating free an N or KN 95 mask has an electric charge that actively pulls tiny particle like individual viruses out of the air and locks them into the fabric, exactly like a HEPA filter.

So yes, masks work.

You idiots walking around like this are gonna die though.

View attachment 89538

Yup.

Viruses are not magic. they travel on expellant (breath, air and moisture) that comes out of the person via sneeze, cough, breathing, talking and then they must disperse and travel the distance to the next person, to infect them.

the key factors in that travel are the velocity that they leave the person (sneeze worse than talking, etc) and the volume of the carrier (breath, moisture (mucus), etc) sprayed into the air via those methods.

What the pictures i show above and any of the high speed videos show of a sneeze or cough is that it is UNDENYABLE that a max will slow the velocity and cut the amount of expellant thus REDUCING the carrier and requiring MORE time for the virus to cover the distance to the next person.

Magats say 'but it is not perfect and people can and will still sick' which is true, but does not mean it does not HELP and does not allow people in short term exposure to reduce their risk of getting it.

but magats live in a world of absolutes. It is either a cure or you do nothing.
 
I love that you posted those photos lol.

Back at the beginning of covid, when the Canadian Gov't was saying "Don't wear masks!!", I posted a video of that same thing and the left4rds said it was stupid.

But it wasn't just what they were saying that was wrong, it was the fact that the Canadian gov't, in all their wisdom, was saying "We don't need all of this PPE because it doesn't work against covid, so we're going to send it over to China to help them fight covid."

Of course that sounds impossibly stupid, but it's the exact same brand of logic-free thinking as "Everyone has to take the vaccines because they work perfectly, and people who aren't vaxed can give the vaxed people covid and it will kill them!"


My personal feeling is that people should have worn N95 masks on public transport and in other confined spaces, but cutting up t-shirts and wearing them all day was stupid.

Basically everything that our gov't in Canada said and did during covid was extremely stupid.

I do not believe your recollections on this as i have lots of family in Canada and was very active in these discussions at the outbreaks beginning and what i saw was the Canadian gov't asking for all N95 masks to be provided to front line workers who needed them but before that to china who needed them (before Canada was hit with it). that was out of belief the masks were needed.

But that is irrelevant to our discussion and this is one of the biggest issues with magats who simply do not and CANNOT understand science.

Covid was a novel virus. Meaning we had no ESTABLISHED clear history on how to deal with it, how it transmitted or what the proper remediations were.

In cases like that science operates on the basis of trial and error, meaning they look at ALL similar type viruses from the common cold, to the various flu's, etc and who EACH OF THEM spread and react to treatment and they rotate thru those trying to find what works.

What magats do WRONGLY is focus on what failed to then point at that constantly to say 'see the Dr's and Scientists were wrong and should not be trusted' while ignoring that you HAVE TO BE WRONG to eventually reach the right answers, just as it played out. That is HOW THE SCIENCE WORKS.

But you cannot explain to a a magat anymore than you could explain calculus to a 5 year old. They are incapable of understanding it.
 
Conservatives weren't the stupid ones, Q.

You had leftist leaders down in the US like Bill DeBlasio (on about Feb 9 iirc) saying "Ride the subway and eat in restaurants like normal".

FYI the NY Subway system is a petri dish to about 4.5M riders a day, who then go on to work or take classes in close proximity to ten million more ppl. It was beyond stupid for him to say that back then.

Then near the end of MARCH, Pelosi was on a "Blocking flights from China is RACIST!" tour where she was going into stores with tightly massed crowds, hugging strangers.

To leftists, who have no idea how viruses spread, that seemed normal, but it was hilarious for the rest of us.

While leftists in the US were saying all those stupid things, Canadians were saying "Trudeau is fighting covid so much better than Trump because covid is spreading so fast in America!!", but the fact is that our western provinces avg 3.5M people. Imagine the difference between "4.2M people riding the NYC subway per day", and 3.5M people scattered across 280,000 sq miles (bigger than Texas). If you know what "epidemiology" means without reading the definition, you know how f'd up of a comparison that is.

As far as covid is concerned, left4rds were ferociously stupid.
^ perfect of example of what i just pointed out in my last post.

I cannot explain to a 5 year old calculus and i cannot explain to you how officials 'getting things wrong' in the early days of Covid is NOT the indictment you magats think it is.

A smart person understand and knows and EXPECTS the road to learning the RIGHT answers REQUIRES many wrong ones and that officials will have to make many calls, of which many will be wrong.

Whether it is a novel virus, a new Tsunami coming in, sudden earth quake with follow on damage, you will have experts give BEST GUIDANCE on what to do to try and survive WITHOUT having perfect information and what they say will often not end up with the best outcome. they are NOT WRONG to have given their 'best information' just because you can look back after the fact and see there was a better path. But magats are incapable of understanding that.
 
That's just wishful thinking on your part, Son.
Newsflash, dummy: in Canada it was our leftist government that gave planeloads of N95 masks to China, and then made masks mandatory, even though the best that we could do at that point was make them out of T-shirts. CBC and CTV were so proud to show us covid heroes making masks from their garages with their Singer sewing machines.

Our leftards were just layer upon layer of stupid, stupid, and more stupid.
 
Newsflash, dummy: in Canada it was our leftist government that gave planeloads of N95 masks to China, and then made masks mandatory, even though the best that we could do at that point was make them out of T-shirts. CBC and CTV were so proud to show us covid heroes making masks from their garages with their Singer sewing machines.

Our leftards were just layer upon layer of stupid, stupid, and more stupid.
I need to see your evidence for this claim, my research shows they sent planes to China to get masks

 
Newsflash, dummy: in Canada it was our leftist government that gave planeloads of N95 masks to China, and then made masks mandatory, even though the best that we could do at that point was make them out of T-shirts. CBC and CTV were so proud to show us covid heroes making masks from their garages with their Singer sewing machines.

Our leftards were just layer upon layer of stupid, stupid, and more stupid.
That's nice, kid.

Totally irrelevant to this discussion, but nice all the same.
 
I do not believe your recollections on this as i have lots of family in Canada and was very active in these discussions at the outbreaks beginning and what i saw was the Canadian gov't asking for all N95 masks to be provided to front line workers who needed them but before that to china who needed them (before Canada was hit with it). that was out of belief the masks were needed.
What don't you believe? I live here. I lived through all of that, I didn't just have relatives telling me about it.

There was a time here, and in the US, when experts were saying "Don't wear masks". Darth Fauci said it himself.

Either your memory is shot, selective, or you're lying. And that's when we gave our masks to China... During the time when our gov't was saying that they were bad.
But that is irrelevant to our discussion and this is one of the biggest issues with magats who simply do not and CANNOT understand science.
It's not irrelevant, because it's proof that left4rds were the biggest covidiots, and their mask idiocy was a big part of that. When you think of mask stupidity, you guys took the cake.

And I can assure you that I had a far better grasp of all of the "science" than you did, or any other left4rd you know.

I say that with certainty because NONE OF YOU EVER SPOKE OUT AGAINST ANY OF THE ABJEC STUPIDITY. It was a public health crisis, and you treated it like a game of politics to "GET TRUMP!".
Covid was a novel virus. Meaning we had no ESTABLISHED clear history on how to deal with it, how it transmitted or what the proper remediations were.
Wrong on 2 counts.

A) The main characteristic of a novel virus is that no humans have ever managed to get "acquired immunity" to it yet, which is cause for great concern for two reasons:
  1. there are no natural roadblocks to it... every single human is a likely carrier, unlike with viruses that will be unable to infect millions of people
  2. seeing as no humans have any previously acquired immunity at all, there's a chance that it could wipe out large swaths of people, llke TB, smallpox, and other diseases did when they came over to the Americas.
B) There's a clear history on how to deal with airborne viruses. Dealing with contagious outbreaks is called "epidemiology". It's basically the study of how viruses spread and how to slow them down.

Epidemiologists aren't stupid, that's why they don't ride the NYC subway during a pandemic. Furthermore, coronaviruses are almost always airborne, so they had a really good idea of how it was spread right away.

To great extent, even moms know what to do during an outbreak, right?

The biggest roadblocks to sensibility were the need for profits and the TNI brainwashing campaign.
In cases like that science operates on the basis of trial and error, meaning they look at ALL similar type viruses from the common cold, to the various flu's, etc and who EACH OF THEM spread and react to treatment and they rotate thru those trying to find what works.
That sounds great in theory, but just remember that very early in the covid saga our leaders somehow came to the conclusion that "A VACCINE IS THE ONLY THING THAT CAN SAVE US!!!! NO ONE SHOULD EVER CONSIDER ANY OTHER REMEDIAL ACTIONS!!! TO TALK ABOUT SUCH THINGS IS SCIENTIFIC BLASPHEMY!!!! WE WILL ALL DIE OF WE DON'T GET A VACCINE!!!"
What magats do WRONGLY is focus on what failed to then point at that constantly to say 'see the Dr's and Scientists were wrong and should not be trusted'
Why are you so desperate to disparage conservatives?

You ignored a litany of catastrophic failures that were made solely by leftists.

And FYI, Fauci should never have been trusted. The information is plan to see now: "BEFORE FAUCI EVER SAID "PANGOLIN" ON YOUR TV, HE KNEW THAT THE VIRUS THAT HE HELPED CREATE IN THE WUHAN LAB WAS THE MOST LIKELY SOURCE OF THE VIRUS".

I trusted Fauci at first too, dude. It made perfect sense at the beginning that the director of the NiH in the US was someone to be listened to.

But when his directives and statements started to part ways with facts, common sense, and science itself, I started losing trust with him quickly.

By the time I realized that there was a BSL4 lab a few blocks away from ground zero and that people were banned from talking about it, I was done with that guy.

The whole "China won't let us investigate", and then "They will only let us investigate in this one area", followed by "Yeah, we found it in the limited area that we were allowed to explore" was like a punch in the common sense.

In case you've forgotten:
  1. Just a few months before the outbreal of covid, Trump was prancing around the planet saying "We just beat China in a trade war 🥳"
  2. Just a few years before covid came out, China was "dealing with" the second children of Chinese citizens in a very ruthless manner, in order to curb their population growth issues. So when a virus broke out there, allegedly from the only wetmarket among the 2,000 in China that was close to a BSL4 lab, and it almost exclusively killed old and obese people...
Talk about killing 2 birs with one stone. Killing off old people was like a blessing for a gov't dealing with a population explosion, and it was also like a bullseye on America.

But "It's the PANGOLIN! No one is allowed to say anything else!!!"
while ignoring that you HAVE TO BE WRONG to eventually reach the right answers, just as it played out. That is HOW THE SCIENCE WORKS.
That wasn't covid science lol.

Covid science was: "NO ONE IS ALLOWED TO SAY BSL4 LAB OR THEY WILL BE BANNED FROM SOCIAL MEDIA! WE KNOW IN ADVANCE THAT HCQ AND IVERMECTIN WILL NEVER WORK! WE KNOW IN ADVANCE THAT VITAMIN D, ZINC AND OTHER NATURAL IMMUNITY BOOSTERS WON'T HELP AT ALL! WE KNOW IN ADVANCE THAT THE mRNA VACCINES WILL BE SAFE AND PREVENT SICKNESS/TRANSMISSION AND THEY ARE THE ONLY WAY FORWARD!!!!!!! NO ONE ELSE IS ALLOWED TO TALK ABOUT ANYTHING ELSE!!!"

That was how covid "science" worked. Don't try to pull a revisionist history lesson out of your ass while I'm here, pal.
But you cannot explain to a a magat anymore than you could explain calculus to a 5 year old. They are incapable of understanding it.
Gimme a break you cultist fking muppet. Every single thing that you said from the very start of covid up until your last period on that post was just stupid and wrong.
 
That label is on the box for legal and design reasons,
It is on there because masks don't actually protect anyone from viruses.
not because masks are useless.
Masks are effectively useless when it comes to viruses.
As far as "smaller than mask pores:

1. It's never one virus floating through the air. They travel is clumps around water/mucous droplets that are far larger.
Such droplets evaporate... VERY quickly... meaning within a fraction of a second.
2. In the event that there are individual virus particles floating free
There are. See above.
an N or KN 95 mask has an electric charge that actively pulls tiny particle like individual viruses out of the air and locks them into the fabric, exactly like a HEPA filter.
Great. Then nobody who wears an N95 mask around everywhere should be getting sick..... oh wait..........
So yes, masks work.
... for their intended purposes, which is not to protect people from viruses.
 
Yup.

Viruses are not magic. they travel on expellant (breath, air and moisture) that comes out of the person via sneeze, cough, breathing, talking and then they must disperse and travel the distance to the next person, to infect them.

the key factors in that travel are the velocity that they leave the person (sneeze worse than talking, etc) and the volume of the carrier (breath, moisture (mucus), etc) sprayed into the air via those methods.

What the pictures i show above and any of the high speed videos show of a sneeze or cough is that it is UNDENYABLE that a max will slow the velocity and cut the amount of expellant thus REDUCING the carrier and requiring MORE time for the virus to cover the distance to the next person.

Magats say 'but it is not perfect and people can and will still sick' which is true, but does not mean it does not HELP and does not allow people in short term exposure to reduce their risk of getting it.

but magats live in a world of absolutes. It is either a cure or you do nothing.
None of your BS matters because you neglect the basic fact that such droplets evaporate within a fraction of a second. The virus is in the air everywhere, dude, and you're not stopping it with a mask.
 
^ perfect of example of what i just pointed out in my last post.

I cannot explain to a 5 year old calculus and i cannot explain to you how officials 'getting things wrong' in the early days of Covid is NOT the indictment you magats think it is.
QP, stop acting like you're intelligent, and that you're the kind of person who should be explaining things to other people, when none of the things that you say make sense.

FYI THE WHOLE POINT OF ELECTING LEADERS IS TO CHOOSE PEOPLE SMART ENOUGH TO GET THE EASY ONES RIGHT!
Anyone with even a rudimentary, layman's understanding of the basic principles of epidemiology knows that crowding millions of people into confined spaces during a pandemic is a recipe for disaster.

AKA, that's not a mistake that any decent leader should ever have to learn from.

The fact that you just came out the other side of a pandemic and you still don't know that boggles the mind.

AKA you're unfathomably stupid, QP.
A smart person understand and knows and EXPECTS the road to learning the RIGHT answers REQUIRES many wrong ones and that officials will have to make many calls, of which many will be wrong.
OMG, listen to you preaching the EXACT opposite of what every leftist was saying during covid, again :LOL:

Do you remember: "BANNING NON-AMERICANS FROM FLYING IN FROM CHINA ON JAN 29TH IS RACIST AND STUPID!!!" :LOL:

FYI during the plague and other other deadly outbreaks, if a hip came into a port with even 1 afflicted member, the ship would be put out to sea and burned with all its carge, and all the sailors would quarantine for 14 days. You see, epidemiology isn't new. People have been "avoiding it like the plague" for millennia.

And it gets even better about the racism of flight-blocking... During the 'delta wave' Trudeau talked about banning flights from India and it suddenly wasn't considered racist by left4rds anymore: it made perfect sense to them.

Can you tell me how, in the name of "science and understanding", the exact same covid-fighting strategy was non-racist and sensible in 2021 while the 2020 iteration of it remains "racist and stupid" to this day? And remember, Jan 29 2020 was before covid even had a foothold in Canada. We wouldn't have prevented it from getting here entirely, but it would have gotten off o a slower start, which would have made it more manageable from a "healthcare at scale" POV.
Whether it is a novel virus, a new Tsunami coming in, sudden earth quake with follow on damage, you will have experts give BEST GUIDANCE on what to do to try and survive WITHOUT having perfect information and what they say will often not end up with the best outcome. they are NOT WRONG to have given their 'best information' just because you can look back after the fact and see there was a better path. But magats are incapable of understanding that.
Stop trying to make sense now while acting like that's what you did in 2020, jackass. I was there, remember?
That shit might work with your grandkids, but it ha no place here.
And FYI it's the exact same thing with natural disasters: every president got it 100% wrong, from the other side's POV.
"He acted too late. Showed up to visit too late. Didn't spend enough money. Did't come back from overseas quickly enough. Spent resources by race instead of need. Didn't warn people early enough. Sent the wrong resources. Didn't distribute the resources well enough. Was entirely to blame for a general lack of preparedness [that existed for generations] in that city at that exact moment..." Etc, etc, etc.

Everything is political, I get it, but you should have been able to rise above that during a pandemic.
 
That's nice, kid.

Totally irrelevant to this discussion, but nice all the same.
You're the one who opened up this topic, by trying to pretend that conservatives were the masking dummies.
Now that it has blown up in your face you wanna shut it down.

Maybe next time don't call other people stupid when we have the internet and can set things straight, hmmmm?
 
It is on there because masks don't actually protect anyone from viruses.

Masks are effectively useless when it comes to viruses.

Such droplets evaporate... VERY quickly... meaning within a fraction of a second.

There are. See above.

Great. Then nobody who wears an N95 mask around everywhere should be getting sick..... oh wait..........

... for their intended purposes, which is not to protect people from viruses.
GFM I'd agree with you that masks aren't 100% effective. Nothing is 100% effective.

But if you put 4M people on the subway in one day, and all 4M are wearing N95 masks, don't you think that you knock the number of infections down by a meaningful percentage?

I don't think that science even knows the answer to that question, because there are so many factors involved in wide-scale, real world examples (eg, what % of Japanese were "at risk" compared to Americans?), and of course that's gonna be different for a lot of different maladies, but erring on the side of caution is always warranted when the importance outweighs the burden.

In the case of covid, erring on the side of caution meant "still going out in public and dealing with crowds if you have to, while taking some basic precautions", but if it was ebola spreading like that, erring on the side of caution would mean "taking a few weeks or months off of work and the gov't collectively telling the banks to hold off for a bit".

Having N95s in Canada would have been ideal, and using them intelligently would have made even more sense, but we never elected a gov't here based on common sense.
 
But if you put 4M people on the subway in one day, and all 4M are wearing N95 masks, don't you think that you knock the number of infections down by a meaningful percentage?
I don't think so. Most people don't handle or wear masks correctly anyway.
but we never elected a gov't here based on common sense.
VERY true!
 
What don't you believe? I live here. I lived through all of that, I didn't just have relatives telling me about it.

There was a time here, and in the US, when experts were saying "Don't wear masks". Darth Fauci said it himself.

Either your memory is shot, selective, or you're lying. And that's when we gave our masks to China... During the time when our gov't was saying that they were bad.

It's not irrelevant, because it's proof that left4rds were the biggest covidiots, and their mask idiocy was a big part of that. When you think of mask stupidity, you guys took the cake.

And I can assure you that I had a far better grasp of all of the "science" than you did, or any other left4rd you know.

I say that with certainty because NONE OF YOU EVER SPOKE OUT AGAINST ANY OF THE ABJEC STUPIDITY. It was a public health crisis, and you treated it like a game of politics to "GET TRUMP!".

Wrong on 2 counts.

A) The main characteristic of a novel virus is that no humans have ever managed to get "acquired immunity" to it yet, which is cause for great concern for two reasons:
  1. there are no natural roadblocks to it... every single human is a likely carrier, unlike with viruses that will be unable to infect millions of people
  2. seeing as no humans have any previously acquired immunity at all, there's a chance that it could wipe out large swaths of people, llke TB, smallpox, and other diseases did when they came over to the Americas.
B) There's a clear history on how to deal with airborne viruses. Dealing with contagious outbreaks is called "epidemiology". It's basically the study of how viruses spread and how to slow them down.

Epidemiologists aren't stupid, that's why they don't ride the NYC subway during a pandemic. Furthermore, coronaviruses are almost always airborne, so they had a really good idea of how it was spread right away.

To great extent, even moms know what to do during an outbreak, right?

The biggest roadblocks to sensibility were the need for profits and the TNI brainwashing campaign.

That sounds great in theory, but just remember that very early in the covid saga our leaders somehow came to the conclusion that "A VACCINE IS THE ONLY THING THAT CAN SAVE US!!!! NO ONE SHOULD EVER CONSIDER ANY OTHER REMEDIAL ACTIONS!!! TO TALK ABOUT SUCH THINGS IS SCIENTIFIC BLASPHEMY!!!! WE WILL ALL DIE OF WE DON'T GET A VACCINE!!!"

Why are you so desperate to disparage conservatives?

You ignored a litany of catastrophic failures that were made solely by leftists.

And FYI, Fauci should never have been trusted. The information is plan to see now: "BEFORE FAUCI EVER SAID "PANGOLIN" ON YOUR TV, HE KNEW THAT THE VIRUS THAT HE HELPED CREATE IN THE WUHAN LAB WAS THE MOST LIKELY SOURCE OF THE VIRUS".

I trusted Fauci at first too, dude. It made perfect sense at the beginning that the director of the NiH in the US was someone to be listened to.

But when his directives and statements started to part ways with facts, common sense, and science itself, I started losing trust with him quickly.

By the time I realized that there was a BSL4 lab a few blocks away from ground zero and that people were banned from talking about it, I was done with that guy.

The whole "China won't let us investigate", and then "They will only let us investigate in this one area", followed by "Yeah, we found it in the limited area that we were allowed to explore" was like a punch in the common sense.

In case you've forgotten:
  1. Just a few months before the outbreal of covid, Trump was prancing around the planet saying "We just beat China in a trade war 🥳"
  2. Just a few years before covid came out, China was "dealing with" the second children of Chinese citizens in a very ruthless manner, in order to curb their population growth issues. So when a virus broke out there, allegedly from the only wetmarket among the 2,000 in China that was close to a BSL4 lab, and it almost exclusively killed old and obese people...
Talk about killing 2 birs with one stone. Killing off old people was like a blessing for a gov't dealing with a population explosion, and it was also like a bullseye on America.

But "It's the PANGOLIN! No one is allowed to say anything else!!!"

That wasn't covid science lol.

Covid science was: "NO ONE IS ALLOWED TO SAY BSL4 LAB OR THEY WILL BE BANNED FROM SOCIAL MEDIA! WE KNOW IN ADVANCE THAT HCQ AND IVERMECTIN WILL NEVER WORK! WE KNOW IN ADVANCE THAT VITAMIN D, ZINC AND OTHER NATURAL IMMUNITY BOOSTERS WON'T HELP AT ALL! WE KNOW IN ADVANCE THAT THE mRNA VACCINES WILL BE SAFE AND PREVENT SICKNESS/TRANSMISSION AND THEY ARE THE ONLY WAY FORWARD!!!!!!! NO ONE ELSE IS ALLOWED TO TALK ABOUT ANYTHING ELSE!!!"

That was how covid "science" worked. Don't try to pull a revisionist history lesson out of your ass while I'm here, pal.

Gimme a break you cultist fking muppet. Every single thing that you said from the very start of covid up until your last period on that post was just stupid and wrong.
ya i lived thru it too. You were not getting information i was not and if you think so tell me what source of information you think you had that i would not also be able to see.

And i am not going to keep repeating myself if you are not reading what i said.

I specifically said they got advice wrong but what dumb magats do not understand is that is part of the process with a novel virus as NO ONE KNOWS what works and they are using best guesses based on similar characteristic viruses.

And you are not using a correct definition for novel virus. What it means is 'new to man' meaning we have no history with it. Meaning we do not know how to treat it and we do not know yet what its life cycle will look like.

A "novel virus" is a newly discovered strain of a virus that has not been previously identified in humans. Because it is entirely new to the human population, the population has no natural, pre-existing immunity or antibodies against it, allowing it to spread quickly and unpredictably. [1, 2, 3]

So AGAIN, that they got a lot wrong IS EXPECTED and part of the learning process.
 
Hopefully you never use a "face diaper" or get any of those toxic vaccinations. We know you don't wash your hands or much else. lol
The sooner MAGAts die, the better off their families will become. Even better if they have even a small amount of insurance. :thup:

Depending upon the disease and the type of surface contaminated, germs can live for several days. Infected family members who want to "assist" a tortured MAGA-soul to their just reward, can contaminate hard, metal or glass surfaces like door knobs and drinking glass/coffee mugs and hope for the best. /sarcasm

Generally, cold and flu viruses can infect someone after they have been on a surface for several hours.1

How long cold germs can live on surfaces is variable; for example:

  • Studies have found that rhinoviruses (which can cause the common cold) can live on hard, nonporous surfaces for several hours to days in some cases. They live about four hours on soft, porous surfaces like fabric, tissues, and skin.5
  • The virus that causes COVID-19 may be able to live on surfaces for as long as seven days, according to a 2023 review of studies.6
  • Adenoviruses (viruses that can cause a cold) are more resistant than some and can survive on hard surfaces for days to weeks. They can persist in water and on medical instruments for extended periods.1
  • The flu virus can be infectious for up to nine hours, especially on nonporous surfaces.72
 
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