Since the typical greenhouse argument is actually several arguments, I will answer them individually here.
"Earth ’s radiation budget
and the Greenhouse Effect
The Earth is bathed in radiation from the
Sun, which warms the planet and provides
all the energy
So far so good. The Sun heats the Earth by radiance. Infrared light from the Sun (the bulk of energy from the Sun, is what is absorbed and converted into thermal energy. Visible light does not convert to thermal energy when absorbed, but instead converts to chemical energy (such as photosynthesis, or the chemical reaction in your retinas).
driving the climate system.
First check. There is no such thing as a 'climate system'. Climate is a subjective word. There is desert climate, marine climate, tropical climate, arctic climate, etc. There is no global climate or any climate 'system'.
Some of the solar (shortwave) radiation is
reflected back to space by clouds and bright
surfaces but much reaches the ground,
which warms
2nd check. Shortwave radiation is emitted by the Sun, but clouds are transparent to it and ground is rather reflective of it. The ionosphere absorbs it quite well, converting it into thermal energy. This is a terminology problem, and I believe you mean visible light, which doesn't convert to thermal energy when absorbed. Shortwave radiation is too low in energy to be absorbed by the surface. What DOES warm the surface is infrared light, which converts to thermal energy when absorbed.
and emits heat radiation.
Anything above absolute zero emits light according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. As Earth temperatures vary over quite a range, the range of emitted light is quite wide, though it all falls in the infrared band.
This infrared (longwave) radiation, however,
does not directly escape to space but is
largely absorbed by gases and clouds in the
atmosphere,
3rd check. Clouds are completely transparent to longwave radiation. Infrared light is not longwave radiation. Infrared light is far higher in frequency. While certain frequencies of infrared light are absorbed by clouds, methane, CO2, and a few other gases, a very important point is left out here. It takes energy to emit that infrared light. The surface is cooled by the process. Just as with conductive heating of the atmosphere by a warmer surface, radiant heating of the atmosphere by the warmer surface is completely normal and just another way for the surface to be cooled.
which itself warms and emits
heat radiation,
4th check. They have ALWAYS been emitting radiance according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Nothing about absorbing some energy from the surface changes that.
both out to space and back
to the surface.
5th check, and the major one. Here is it assumed that the surface is absorbing infrared light emitted by CO2, clouds, and other gases. It can't. It is not possible for a colder object to warm a warmer object. The 2nd law of thermodynamics clearly states that entropy can never decrease in any system, and that heat always flows from hot to cold. NEVER the reverse.
No molecule is capable of absorbing a photon of less energy than the molecule already contains. The photon is reflected away again, or the molecule is simply transparent to the thing.
* You cannot heat a warmer body with a colder one.
This enhances the solar
warming of the Earth producing what has
become known as the ‘greenhouse effect’. "
Not possible. This is attempting to:
1) trap light, in violation of Planck's law.
2) make heat flow from cold to hot, in violation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
3) reduce the radiance of Earth (by trapping light) and increasing its temperature at the same time, in violation of the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
* You cannot make heat flow 'backwards' (from a colder gas to a warmer surface). (2nd law of thermodynamics)
* You cannot create energy out of nothing. No gas or vapor is a source of energy. (1st law of thermodynamics)
* You cannot trap heat or slow heat. Heat is the movement of thermal energy and only thermal energy. (2nd law of thermodyanamics)
* You cannot trap light. Absorption DESTROYS light. Emission CREATES light. Energy is not being gained or lost, it is simply being converted. (Planck's law)
* You cannot reduce the radiance of Earth and increase its temperature at the same time. (Stefan-Boltzmann law)
No, the Magick Bouncing Photon argument does not work.