Nobody would be "exempt from paying taxes" to anyone.
The proposed rules would not strip tax-exempt status from all schools.
They apply only to private schools that hold (or seek) 501(c)(3) status—private K–12 schools, colleges, universities, professional schools, and trade schools. Public schools are government entities and are not 501(c)(3) organizations in the first place.
A private school would lose or be ineligible for that exemption only if it “adopts, maintains, or enforces a policy or practice that discriminates on the basis of race, color, or national or ethnic origin” in admissions, scholarships, financial aid, programs, athletics, or other school-administered activities.
Schools that do not use race as a criterion keep their status. Race-neutral criteria remain allowed: family income, first-generation status, geography, individual hardship, military family status, and academic achievement. Religious schools may still select students based on genuine religious affiliation.
Treasury/IRS said the proposal may affect as many as 18,000 private institutions—meaning those that currently have race-based policies, not that every private school automatically loses exemption. Many already operate without explicit racial preferences.
This is still a proposed rule, not a final one. Comments will be taken, a final regulation would follow, and the effective date would be taxable years beginning after May 31, 2027, giving schools time to change policies if they want to keep 501(c)(3) status.
So the rule is conditional: keep race-based preferences and you risk the exemption; drop them (or never had them) and you do not. It is not a mass revocation of tax-exempt status for every school.